一步一个脚印

When Chinese students ask me the quickest way to improve their IELTS Writing score, I always tell them that personalised feedback is the most important thing. That, and the three Rs: Rewrite, Revise and Read – Rewrite your essays in accordance with the feedback you get; Revise everything that you learn; Read more articles that contain vocabulary that is relevant to the test.

每当中国学生问我有什么方法能最快提高雅思写作分数时，我总是告诉他们，针对性的反馈意见是最重要的。也就是要做到三个R：重写、复习和阅读（Rewrite, Revise & Read）——重写作文，按照你收到的反馈意见写；复习你学到的所有东西；多读文章，有考试相关词汇的文章。

But, as anyone who marks IELTS essays for a living knows, there are also a number of standard terms you use when giving feedback. Some of them can be a bit tricky, so that’s why I’ve created this list of the most common terms I use when correcting Chinese students’ IELTS essays. I have also sorted the terms in this glossary into their respective IELTS Band Descriptors. Enjoy! – Carl

然而，任何一个专业批改雅思作文的人都知道，给出反馈意见要用到很多标准术语。有一些术语很难理解，所以我专门列了一个清单，是我给中国学生改雅思作文时最常用的术语。我对这些术语在词汇表中进行了分类，以便与雅思的评分标准相对应。好好学习！－卡尔

Carl’s IELTS Essay Correction Glossary

卡尔的雅思写作修改必备词汇

Task Achievement (TA) (任务完成度)/Task Response (TR) (任务回应度)

1. Address (回答): IELTS candidates must address all parts of the essay question in order to get a high score for Task Response; all you need to do is answer the question they give you, no more, no less. 雅思考生必须回答作文题目当中的所有部分，才能拿到TR的高分；你需要做的事情就是回答给出的问题，不用多答，也不能少答。
2. Argument (论点): If you are required to do so in the essay question, be sure to provide a clear argument, and justify it as well. 如果作文题目要求你给出论点，那么一定要做到给出清晰的论点，并证明有理。
3. Brainstorm (审题；构思): Before you start writing your essay, it is recommended that you do a quick brainstorming session to formulate an essay plan. 在开始写作文之前，建议你迅速审题，来组织文章架构。
4. Example (例子；例证): All students are required to back up their discussion with examples such as real-life cases or hypotheticals. 所有考生都必须用例子来支持观点，比如现实生活例子或者假设。
5. Extend (扩展；拓展): When the teacher asks you to “extend” one of your body paragraphs, it means you need to write more to back up the point you are trying to make by providing examples or clarification. 当老师要求你扩展某一中心段时，这意味着你得添加内容来支持你想表述的观点，可以举例或进一步阐述。
6. On-topic / off-topic (切题／跑题): Try to stay on topic as much as you can; going off topic will only result in a deduction in your overall mark. 尽量贴近原题；离题只会导致你总分下降。
7. Position (立场): The position of your essay – i.e. its purpose and/or your opinion – must be clear throughout the response. 你文章的立场，比如本文目的和/或你的观点，在全文当中必须清晰。
8. Relevant (相关性): The ideas discussed in your essay must be relevant to the question provided. 文章当中讨论的观点必需与给出的题目相关。

Coherence and Cohesion (CC) (连贯和衔接)

1. Cohesive device (衔接成分): When cohesive devices (also known as linking words) are used correctly, they can make your essay easier to read and your argument more logical. 当衔接成分使用得当时，你的文章会很容易读懂，论证也更有逻辑。
2. Concise (简洁): Try to avoid using too many fancy words; IELTS writing is not about showing off, it’s about writing a clear and concise essay. 尽量避免使用大词；雅思写作不在于炫耀，而在于写的文章清晰简洁。
3. Essay Structure (论文结构): The most common essay structure is made up of an Introduction, Concession Paragraph, Main Body Paragraph and Conclusion. 最常见的文章结构包括开头，让步段，主体段和结尾。
4. K.I.S.S.; Keep It Simple, Stupid (保持简单明了): A common piece of advice to all my students is: when in doubt, K.I.S.S. 给我所有学生的最常用的一条建议：一旦没把握，怎么简单明了就怎么写。
5. Long-winded (啰嗦): Some students have a tendency to write long-winded paragraphs with many words but little content; this is a bad habit that should be corrected as soon as possible. 有些学生写的段落经常很啰嗦，字多但没什么内容；这个坏习惯要尽量改掉。
6. Readability (可读性): The more readable your essay is, the more likely you will score a higher mark on the test. 你的文章可读性越强，在考试中就越有可能拿高分。
7. Redundancy (多余成分): Try to avoid redundancy; every word in your essay should be there for a reason. 尽量避免写多余内容；你写下来的每个词都是应该有原因的。
8. Theme (主旨；主题): The “theme” (also known as “topic”) refers to the purpose of the paragraph you are writing; examiners require you to stick to one central theme per paragraph. 主旨（也称为主题）是指你写的每段话的目的所在；考官希望看到你每一段话就一个主旨（中心思想）。

Lexical Resource (LR) (词汇资源)

1. Collocation (固定搭配): A good way of showing the examiner your range of vocabulary is to use more collocations. 向考官展示你词汇的范围有一个好方法：多使用固定搭配。
2. Generic vocabulary (通用词汇): Words like “however”, “debatable” and “advantages” are examples of generic vocabulary, as they can be used in any essay question, and are not specific to a particular topic. 诸如“但是（however）”、“有争议的（debatable）”和“优点（advantages）”这样的词都属于通用词汇，因为这些词可以用在任何文章里，而不是限定于某一特定话题。
3. Register (语域): “Register” refers to whether a word you use is formal, informal, slang, colloquial, etc.; in IELTS Writing, formal register should be maintained most of the time; in IELTS Writing General Training Task 1, both formal and informal register are tested. 语域是指你用的词是否正式、非正式、俚语或口语化等；在雅思写作中，大部分情况下应保持正式语气，而在雅思写作G类小作文中，正式与非正式语域都被考到。
4. Repetition (重复): One way to avoid repetition when writing your essay is to use synonyms. 有一种避免写作中出现重复的方法是用同义词。
5. Spelling (拼写): Any spelling mistakes you make will affect your overall mark, so be sure to revise your spelling before the test. 任何你犯的拼写错误都会影响总分，所以考前一定要复习拼写。
6. Topic-specific vocabulary (话题相关词汇): Words like “crime rates”, “juvenile delinquency” and “sentencing” are examples of topic-specific vocabulary, since they are commonly used in a specific topic – i.e. law and order; the more of these you can use in the exam, the better. 诸如“犯罪率（crime rates）”、“青少年犯罪（juvenile delinquency）”和“量刑（sentencing）”这些词都属于话题相关词汇，因为它们常用于某一特定话题，既“法律和秩序（law and order）”；考试中多得越多越好。
7. Uncommon lexical item (不常见词语): Although vocabulary is not the most urgent thing for Chinese students to work on, it is true that if you use some uncommon lexical items in your essay you will boost your mark for the Lexical Resource band. 尽管词汇不是中国学生最需要加强的环节，但是如果在文章当中你能多用一些不常见词语，你的词汇项会有加分。
8. Word choice (选词): “Word choice” refers to how effectively you use vocabulary to convey your message in the essay; it is a skill that all students need to practice. 选词是指在你文章中使用词汇来传递信息能做到多有效；这是所有学生都需要练习的一个技能。

Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA) (语法变换和准确性)

1. Chinglish (中式英语): Most Chinese students struggle with Chinglish; some common examples include “environmental pollution”, “harmonious society” and “people’s living standards”. 大部分中国学生都纠结于中式英语；一些常见的例子有“环境污染（environmental pollution）”、“和谐社会（harmonious society）”和“people’s living standards（人们的生活水平）”。
2. Countable and uncountable nouns (可数名词与不可数名词): For every noun you know, you should remember whether it is countable (such as “noodle”) or uncountable (such as “knowledge”). 对于所有你知道的名词，你都应该知道它是可数——如“面条（noodle）”，还是不可数——如“知识（knowledge）”。
3. Error-free sentence (语法正确的句子): It is recommended that you aim to achieve at least four error-free sentences per essay. 强烈建议你力求做到每篇文章至少四个没有错误的句子。
4. Idiomatic (地道): As you keep practicing, your feel for the language will improve, and your writing will become more idiomatic. 只要你保持练习，你的语感会加强，你的写作也会地道。
5. Part of speech (词性): The most common parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, articles and prepositions. 最常见的词性是名词、动词、形容词、副词、连词、冠词和介词。
6. Punctuation (标点符号): When punctuation is used correctly in an essay it makes it much easier to read. 在标点使用正确的情况下，你的文章会更容易读懂。
7. Syntax (句法；句型): Syntax is just a fancy word for sentence structure. 句法就是句子结构的意思。
8. Tense (时态): In IELTS Writing Task 2, present tense is the most commonly used tense; the tense that most Chinese students have trouble with is present perfect tense, so it is recommended you work hard on this before the test. 在雅思写作大作文中，现在时是最常用的时态，而大部分中国学生使用有误的时态是现在完成时，所以建议大家在考前多练习完成时。